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Following are the risk factors that increase the chances of developing TB disease in an individual:
Figure: Risk factors for developing active TB
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Specificity is the test’s ability to correctly designate a subject without the disease as negative.
Specificity of a test is the percentage of true negatives out of all subjects who do not have a disease or condition.
Simply, specificity is the proportion of people without disease correctly diagnosed as negative by a test. In other words, it is the ability of the test or instrument to obtain normal range or negative results for a person who does not have a disease.
The formula to determine specificity is the following:
Sensitivity is the proportion of true positive tests out of all patients with a condition.
In other words, it is the ability of a test or instrument to yield a positive result for a subject that has that disease. A test that is 100% sensitive means all sick individuals are correctly identified as sick, i.e., there are no false negatives. Importantly, as the calculation involves all patients with the disease, it is not affected by the prevalence of the disease.
TB notification rate is the number of TB cases notified over a specified time period for a specified population, usually per lakh. It indicates how many cases have been diagnosed and informed to the National TB Elimination Program.
It is mostly calculated annually, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Prevalence is an epidemiological measure of the proportion of a population with a disease or a particular health condition at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified period of time (period prevalence).
Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence refers to the number of people with TB that are present in a particular population at a given time. Calculation of the TB prevalence rate is shown in the figure below.
Incidence is an epidemiological measure of the occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over a specified period of time. Tuberculosis (TB) incidence is the number of new cases of active TB disease during a certain time period (usually a year), and is better expressed as a rate, as shown in the figure below.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, gets its name from the disease it causes (tuberculosis) and the properties of the bacterial order/ family it is classified under. Below is the description of the origin of both the words "Tuberculosis" and "Mycobacterim".
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease* that is a major cause of ill health, one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent (ranking above HIV/ AIDS).
TB is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air; for example, by coughing.
Commitment at national, state and district level are required to support and facilitate the implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures.
The important stakeholders in IPC include:
National Airborne Infection Control Committee (NAICC) has been constituted to provide for a multi-lateral national level coordinating body, to develop national guidelines on IPC, and provide technical guidance for their implementation, evaluation, and revisions.
Composition of NAICC
Respiratory hygiene is vital to prevent the spread of TB via aerosols and person-to-person transmission.
Respiratory hygiene includes:
Covering the nose/mouth with a tissue when coughing/sneezing and appropriate disposal of used tissues